1902 ARCHAEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF OHIO, MOUND BUILDERS, ARROWHEADS, PALEO INDIANS

Description: 1902 ARCHAEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF OHIO, MOUND BUILDERS, ARROWHEADS, PALEO INDIANS Click images to enlarge Description ARCHAEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF OHIO THE MOUND BUILDERS AND LATER INDIANS. BY GERARD FOWKE 1902 FIRST EDITION PUBLISHED BY THE OHIO STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY COLUMBUS, OHIO PRESS OF FRED J. HEER 760 PAGES WITH OVER 300 ILLUSTRATIONS, TABLE OF CONTENTS, APPENDIX WITH EXPLANATION OF REFERENCE NOTES AND A FULL 12 PAGE INDEX..... THIS BOOK IS COMPLETE, CLEAN AND IN VERY GOOD + + TO NEAR FINE CONDITION. PLEASE SEE PICTURES. PREFATORY NOTE THE Archaeological History of Ohio, which is herewith given to the public, is the consummation of a desire long entertained by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. The Society is enabled to put forth this publication by means of the appreciative and generous assistance of the General Assembly, which made sufficient appropriations for the purpose in the years 1900 and 1902. Probably no work of equal character and completeness has been produced by any state in the Union. Certainly no other state affords such rich material for similar work. While the Archaeological History of Ohio is published by the Society under the auspices of the state, it is to be regarded in no sense as a public document for gratuitous distribution. For the preparation of this work the Society was fortunate in obtaining the services of Mr. Gerard Fowke, who has had extensive and varied experience as an Archaeologist. He has conducted explorations for the National American Bureau of Ethnology; in 1884, at Flint Ridge in Licking county (Ohio) ; in 1885, in northern Mississippi, southern Ohio and northern Kentucky; in 1886, in western Pennsylvania, southern Illinois and western Kentucky; in 1887, in conjunction with James D. Middleton made surveys of aboriginal works in Licking, Ross and Pike counties; collected data for archaeological map from Detroit to Duluth, principally along the lake shores, and to some extent in the interior of Michigan (northern and southern peninsulas) , Wisconsin and Minnesota ; then among the effigy mounds of Wisconsin and Iowa; thence down the Mississippi to Cairo and across western and central Kentucky. In 1891-2-3, examined the valleys of the James, Potomac, Shenandoah and South Branch, in Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland, opening large numbers of mounds; made 'a partial map of the mounds and shell heaps along the Atlantic coast of Georgia and Florida. In 1892 visited Columbia, South America, and studied aboriginal remains. In 1893, studied the archaeological localities in Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. In 1894 and 1896, studied the remains of the Norsemen on Charles river near Boston. In 1898, opened various cairns on Van- converts Island (British Columbia), and explored the lower Amoor river in Siberia, for the American Museum of Natural History of New York. Mr. Fowke has written extensively for publications, particularly the reports of the Smithsonian Institution and of the Bureau of Ethnology ; in the American Anthropologist; Science; the American Naturalist; Folk Lore Journal; Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly; Ohid Geo- logical Sur^ejr Reports; Denison University Bulletins; Ohio Academy of Science (special papers); the American Archaeologist; Popular Science; Reports of Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science and numerous magazines and newspapers. £. O. Randall, Secretary Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio, April, 1902. PREFACE "There is more ado to interpret interpretations than to interpret the things, and more books upon books than upon all other subjects; we do nothing but comment upon one another," This volume is not written for scientists or specialists. Many persons interested in archaeology are desirous of extending" their knowledge, but have not the time, opportunity, or perhaps courage to wade through the vast amount of literature that has accumulated on this subject in the past fifty years. To lighten this labor, an attempt is made in the following pages to compile so much of it as relates to Ohio antiquities, and present it in convenient form. As certain features of Ohio archaeology can not be understood when considered alone, there must be brought into the work a number of descriptions of remains outside her borders. This is the more necessary owing to the general impression that traces of the Mound Builders, wherever found or of whatever nature, belong to one race existing within one definite period of time. To the writer has been assigned the task of preparing the manu- script and selecting the illustrations ; the reproduction of the latter and the publication of the entire work has been assumed by the Ohio Archae- ological and Historical Society. Most of the figures, except those in the chapter on relics, have been borrowed from the sources indicated in the text. The explanation of abbreviated references will be found in the appendix. Gerard Fowke. Chillicothe, Ohio, July, 1901. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. Introductory 1 CHAPTER II. Paleolithic Man. The Evidence of His Existence. Objections to the Evidence. Necessity for Careful Examination .......... 6 In Europe........... 6 In America........... 7 The Trenton Gravels of the Delaware River............ 7 Glacial Man in Ohio............... .....15 CHAPTER III. Theories of the Origin and Migrations of North American Indians.' Natives of North America. Conjectures as to Their Origin. Ways in Which the New World Might Have Been Peopled from the Old. Possibly a Distinct Variety. Apparently of Great Antiquity. Mounds in the Eastern Hemisphere. Of Various Ages. Widely Distributed. Probable Initial Seat of American Aborigines. Lines of Migjration. Suggestions as to Lineage of Mound Builders.............. .....31 Mound Building Peoples .....................43 CHAPTER IV. The Mound Builders. Ohio Mound Builders. Early Writers. Little Known until the Report of Squier and Davis. Great Increase in Number of Authors Since Their Day. Conflicting Opinions Re- garding This People. Theories as to Their Affiliation with His- toric Tribes. No Definite Knowledge Concerning Their Origin or End ..................54 A, Civilization.................... 61 B, Religion ......................76 C, Numbers ....................78 D, Extent ........................86 Geographical Limitations of Types ....................101 E, Age ....................104 The Mastodon or Mammoth...................... 107 The Buffalo................... 113 Human Bones ..................115 Trees................. 117 Terraces .....................124 The Formation of Terraces ....................127 Surface Accumulation and Erosion....................... 130 F. Physical Structure ......................131 Crania ................131 Jaws, Teeth, and Limbs................. 142 Summary ..............146 CHAPTER V. Enclosures. The Enclosures of Ohio. Classification. Theories as to Use. Methods of Designing and Building. Description .............149 Geometric Enclosures................ 162 Newark Works .................162 Marietta Works ................171 Charleston (West Virginia) Works.......173 Portsmouth Works ..................173 Pike County Works............ 179 Ross County Works ..................181 Harness Works ..............184 High Banks Works........ 187 Chillicothe Works ........190 Frankfort Works ........190 Hopetown Works ........190 Cedar Banks Works........ 196 "Mound City" ........198 Dunlap's Works........ 199 Blackwater Works 202 "Junction Group" ........202 Clark's Works, or the Hopewell Works........ 204 Baum's Works, Bourneville ........206 Bainbridge (Pricer's) Works.........206 Circleville Works........... 208 Remains in the Miami Valleys........... 209 Turner Works............... 209 Cincinnati Works............... 212 Other Works ..................212 CHAPTER VI. Smaller Enclosures and Works of Irregfular Construction. Minor Geometrical Enclosures. Confined Mainly to Southern Half of the State. Probably Walls of Villages. The Smallest, Possibly Foundations for Houses. Irregular Works, Mostly in Northern Part of the State and in Miami Valleys. Evidently for Defensive Purposes. Similar Works Common in Other States ..........220 CHAPTER VII. Hill-top Enclosures. Effective Defenses. Deficient Water Supply. Large Areas Included. Amount of Labor Involved in Con- struction. Possibly Not Work of the Mound Builders ........... 238 Fort Ancient, Warren County ..............239 Spruce Hill, Ross County .............242 Fort Hill, Highland County ..............244 Glenford Fort, Perry County ............248 Fort Miami, Hamilton County ...............254 Fort at Foster's, Warren County .........255 "Fortified Hill," Butler County ..........257 "Fortified Hill," Licking County ............259 Fort near Newark, Licking County ...........261 Fort on Flint Ridge, Licking County ...........261 Other Hill Forts................ 261 To what People May We Attribute the Forts ? .............265 CHAPTER VIII. Graded Ways, Terraces, Effigies, and Anomalous Structures 271 A. Graded Ways A. At Marietta ............272 B. At Richmonddale ................273 C At Piqua................ 274 D. At Piketon ........274 E. At Waverly............... 278 p. At Newark ................278 G. Near Bourneville ..............278 H. At Madisonville ...............278 I. Near Carlisle ................279 B. Terraces.................. 281 At Fort Ancient and Waynesville ..............281 At Red Bank, Hamilton County .................281 C. Effigies.................... 282 A. Serpent Mound, Adams County ............282 B. The Opossum, Licking County .............291 c The Newark Figure ..............292 D. The Tapir, Scioto County ..............294 E. The Bear, opposite Portsmouth .............295 D. Anomalous Structures ..............295 The Cross, Pickaway County ..............295 Stone Work, Ross County ...............295 The Trefoil, Ross County............ 297 CHAPTER IX. The Mounds of Ohio. Numbers. Size. Form. Gassification. Stratification. Altars. Position of Skeletons. Property Buried - with the Dead. Origin of the Custom. How Mounds were Built.............. 299 Altar Mounds ..............304 Altars .............307 Temple Mounds ............310 Lookout Mounds ...........311 Sepulchral Mounds ..................313 How Mounds Were Built ................319 CHAPTER X. Structure and Contents of Mounds ................322 Northern Ohio .................322 Central and Southern Ohio....................324 Grave Creek Mound, West Virginia ..................324 Charleston, West Virginia................... 328 Knox County ....................329 Licking County................... 331 Athens County ...................335 Lower Muskingum Valley ..................337 Hocking County .................339 Pickaway County .............341 Ross County ...............342 Hopewell's.................. 343 Baum's ................347 Chillicothe ...............348 Harness's ..............359 Pike County ..............362 Adams County ...............380 Brown County .................380 Qermont County................. 381 Montgomery County................... 382 Butler County ....................383 Hamilton County .................383 Turner Group....................... 385 CHAPTER XI. Stone Mounds. Stone Graves. Cemeteries. Village Sites. Shell Heaps. Funnel Shaped Pits. Rock Shelters. Rock Inscrip- tions .................388 Stone Mounds......................... 388 Stone Graves ...................391 Village Sites................. 406 Cemeteries.................. 412 Shell Heaps.................. 413 Funnel-shaped Pits.................. 414 Rock Shelters ....................415 Rock Inscriptions.............. 417 Localities of Inscribed Rocks ..................423 CHAPTER XII. Some Analogies Between the Remains of Mound Builders and Those of Modern Indians 425 Traditions 427 The Modem Indian as a Builder of Mounds ............445 Reported Objects of Modem Date, Exhumed from Mounds ..............455 Salt-making ....................462 Conclusions............... 469 CHAPTER XIII. Indians. False Beliefs Regarding Them. Home Life. Character, as Portrayed by Those Familiar with Them .................473 CHAPTER XIV. Sources of Material for Manufactured Objects ...............509 Art in Stone. Methods of Working. Classification. Uses .................509 Pecked or Ground Objects.................... 521 Axes, Celts, and Gouges ...............521 Axes ....................521 Celts ..................526 Gouges ...................532 Hematite Celts .................532 Pestles ...............536. Mullers............... 539 Pitted Stones ................539 Cup-stones ..............539 Hammer-stones ..............515 Mortars ..............548 Sinkers and Large Perforated Stones ...............549 Discoidal Stones ...............551 Spuds ....................554 Plummets................ 556 Cones.................. 559 Hemispheres ..................559 CHAPTER XV. Stones for Decorative or Ceremonial Purposes ...............561 Gorgets .................564 Banner Stones ...............566 Bird-shaped Stones ...........669 Spools ........ 669 Working Soft Stone............ 675 Tubes ...........576 Inscribed Tablets .............680 Pipes............ 582 Sculptures........... 604 The Manitus ..............610 CHAPTER XVI Chipped Stone Articles................ 618 Sources of Raw Material ................618 Flint Ridge ..............619 Quarries near Warsaw ............624 New Lexington........ 625 Carter County, Kentucky ............625 Kanawha Valley ...........626 Wyandotte Cave ...............626 The Manufacture of Flint Implements............. 632 Flaking ..............634 Arrow-making............. 636 Time Required.......... 643 Uses of Chipped Flint Articles .............645 Other Forms of Flint Implements........... 657 Perforators .............657 Bunts............666 Scrapers ...............667 Cores.............. 668 Flakes.............. 670 Ceremonial Flints.................... 672 Serration.............. 673 Beveling ............673 Some Odd Suggestions ...........676 CHAPTER XVII. Other Manufactured Articles............. 678 Bone ...............678 Shell ...............684 Pottery ............691 Fabric ...........697 Mica .............701 Copper .............704 How Copper was Obtained and Worked........... 705 Implements and Ornaments of Copper ............714 APPENDIX. Explanation of Reference Notes ...........729 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1.— The "Elephant Mound" of Wisconsin........111 Figures 2 and 3. — The "Elephant Pipes" from Iowa .....111 Figure 4. — Mound in which skull was found .........137 Figure 5. — Section of above mound ......... 138 Figure 6. — Profile of skull from mound .........138 Figure 7. — Front and top view of skull from mound......... 139 Figure 8. -- Morgan's " Restoration of High Bank Pueblo " ........156 Figure 9.— Morgan's Plan of "High Bank Pueblo" .............. 157 Figure 10. — Six miles of Raccoon creek valley, Licking county................. 163 Figure 11. — The Newark works, Licking county ...............164 Figure 12. — Minor work at Newark ..............166 Figure 13. — The Fair Ground Circle at Newark .............169 Figure 14. — The Square at Newark................ 170 Figure 15. — The Marietta works ................172 Figure 16. — The Portsmouth group ...............174 Figure 17. — Work opposite old mouth of the Scioto 175 Figure 18. — Works on the site of Portsmouth............. 177 Figure 19. — Mound and concentric circles in Kentucky.................. 177 Figure 20. — Mound within enclosure, Greenup county Kentucky............. 178 Figure 21. — The Barnes work, Pike county................ 180 Figure 22. — Ditch and embankment, with Barnes work ................181 Figure 23. — Twelve miles of the Scioto valley................... 182 Figure 24. — Six miles of Paint creek valley................. 183 Figure 25. — Harness, or Liberty township group, Ross county ..............185 Figure 26. — Correct outline of small circle, Harness group ...............187 Figure 27. — High Banks works, Ross county................ 188 Figure 28.— Octagon at High Banks ................189 Figure 29.— Works at Chillicothe................... 191 Figure 30. — Works at Frankfort, Ross county ...............191 Figure 31. — Works at Hopetown, Ross county........... 192 Figure 32. — The square at Hopetown .............194 Figure 33. — The circle at Hopetown ............195 Figure 34. — Cedar Banks works, Ross county............. 196 Figure 35.— "Mound City," Ross county .............199 Figure 36. — Dunlap works, Ross county.............. 200 Figure 37. — Blackwater group, Ross county............ 201 Figure 38. — Junction group, Ross county............ 203 Figure 39. — Qark's works, or Hopewell group, Ross county.............. 205 Figure 40. — Baum works, near Boumeville, Ross county ............207 Figure 41. — Pricer works, near Bainbridge, Ross county.............. 207 Figure 42. — Six miles of the Great Miami valley............. 210 Pigure 43. — Work in Clermont county .............213 Figure 44. — The "Gridiron," Qermont county............. 213 Figure 45. — Coleraine work, Butler county............214 Figure 46. — Works at Alexandersville, Montgomery coimty ............216 Figure 47. — Square near Worthington, Franklin county............ 218 Figure 48. — Ellipse near Bourneville, Ross county............. 218 Figure 49. — Works near Dublin, Franklin county.............. 222 Figure 50. — Works in Athens county........... 223 Figure 51. — Archaeological map of Miami county............. 224 Figure 52. — Work on Massie's creek, Greene county............... 227 Figure 53. — Works at Norwalk, Huron coimty............. 228 Figure 54. — Works in Ashtabula and Cuyahoga counties............... 229 Figure 55. — Works near Cleveland............... 230 Figure 56.— Work near Toledo................ 231 Figures 57 and 58. — Works in Lorain county ................231 Figure 59. — Fort Ancient, Warren county .............241 Figure 60. — Spruce Hill Fort, Ross county................ 243 Figure 61. — Fort Hill, Highland county ..................246 Figure 62.— Map of the vicinity of Fort Hill............ 247 Figure 63. — Glenford Fort, Perry county ............248 Figure 64. — East wall of Glenford Fort ...........250 Figure 65. — Portion of eastern wall, Glenford Fort .............251 Figure QQ. — Wall on east slope, Glenford Fort............ 252 Figure 67. — View from interior of Glenford Fort.............. 253 Figure OS. — Fort Miami, Hamilton county ...................255 Figure 69.— "Fortified Hill," Butler county ..............258 Figure 70. — "Fortified Hill," Licking county, with exterior ditch ...............260 Figure 71. — Hill fort, with exterior ditch, Licking county............. 262 Figure 72. — Stone fort on Flint Ridge, Licking county............... 262 Figure 73. — Fortifications in Butler county .................263 Figure 74. — Enclosures in Miami and Montgomery counties ..............264 Figure 75. — Grgided Way, Pike county; from Squier and Davis ................276 Figure 76. — Graded Way ; from Squier and Davis .................277 Figure 77. — Graded Way ; correct plan and sections ..............277 Figure 78. — Serpent Mound ; from Squier and Davis................ 283 Figure 79. — Map of Serpent Mound Park ; from Putnam ............285 Figure 80. — Serpent Mound ; from McLean............ 286 Figure 81. — Serpent Mound ; from Holmes ..............290 Figure 82. — The Opossum Mound, Licking county........... 291 Figure 83.— The Newark "Effigy," Licking county .............293 Figure 84. — Groups of conjoined mounds ...............293 Figure 85.— The "Tapir," Scioto county ..............294 Figure 86. — The Cross, Pickaway county ...........296 Figure 87. — Stone work, Ross county .............296 Figure 88.— The Trefoil, Ross county..............298 Figure 89. — The Marietta Mound ; from a fanciful sketch.............. 301 Figure 90. — The Marietta Mound ; from a photograph ................301 Figure 91. -- The Miamisburg Mound; from a photograph ..............302 Figure 92. -- The Tippett Mound, Licking county ; from a sketch ................302 Figure 93. -- Great Stone Mound, Licking Co., impossible "restoration." .............302 Figure 94. -- Theoretical section of a mound and altar.............. 305 Figure 95. -- Outlines of separate loads of earth in a mound ................307 Figure 96. -- Plan of mound at Mt. Vernon ...................330 Figure 97. -- Section of above mound ................330 Figure 98. -- Group of mounds near Brownsville and Linville .................332 Figure 98. -- Stone mound in above group ..............338 Figure 100. -- Temple Mound at Marietta ...............338 - Enclosure with interior mound near Adelphi ..................340 - Section of mound with altar ...............344 - Sections of mound at Baum's ..............347 - Imaginary section of a mound .................350 - Plan and section of altar..................350 - Section of a mound with very large altar............ 351 - Longitudinal section of above altar ...............351 - Cross section of same ..............351 - Cross section of altar ...........358 - Wooden pick and log cut with stone ax........... 356 - Section of a mound .............360 - Plan and section of Harness mound ..............360 - Monitor pipe from Harness mound ...............360 - Front view of skull from Waverly mound ..............366 - Side view of above skull................... 367 - Front view of skull from Waverly mound ..................368 - Side view of above skull ....................369 -Mound of stone covered with earth, Chillicothe ...............390 - Stone graves in a mound of earth, Brown county ..............393 - Grave in above mound ..............395 - Cairn with covering intact, in above mound ..................396 and 123. — Grave, cleaned out, in above cairn............... 397 Grave made of day and stone in above mound .................399 Cairn in Brown county................. 399 Grave cleaned out, in a cairn ...............401 Cairn in Brown county................. 403 Grave in above cairn.................. 403 Plan and section of stone grave near Ripley............... 405 Cairn containing an "arch," near Ripley.......... 405 Refuse pit, Madisonville ...................407 Refuse pit, containing charred corn, Madisonville ..................407 Refuse pit containing human skeleton, Madisonville................ 408 One of the Barnesville "Track Rocks".................. 419 Some details of above inscription .............420 Barnesville "Track Rock"........... 421 Newark "Track Rock"................ 422 Inscribed rock at Independence .............425 Figtires 139 and 140.— Aboriginal hut plastered and floored with mod. ..............461 Figure 141. — Axe with two grooves .............21 Figures 142 to 154.— Grooved axes ..............527-530 Figures 155 to 157.— Hatchets, tomahawks, or celts................ 533-535 Figure 158.— Hematite celts Figures 159 to 162.— Pestles ......537-538 Figure 163.— Mullers Figure 164. — Cup-stone Figure 165. — Large boulder with numerous cups ...........546 Figure 166.— Hammers^ sinkers, or club-heads; round and grooved............ 547 Figures 167 and 168.— Discoidal Stones............ 555 Figure 169. — Spud-like implement .........557 Figure 170.— Plummets Figures 171 and 172.—........... Cones 560 Figure 173. — Hemispheric stones......... 560 Figures 174 to 176.— Gorgets .........566-568 Figure 177. — Banner stones .........570 Figure 178.— Pendants .............571 Figure 179.— Perforated round stones ..............571 Figure 180.— Picks .................571 Figure 181.— Bar amulets ............572 Figure 182.— Bird shaped stones .............572 Figure 183. — Spool shaped stones .............573 Figure 184.— Unfinished pipes ..............573 Figures 185 to 187.— Unfinished slate objects............... 574-576 Figure 188.— Grinding or polishing stones ................576 Figure 189.— Tubes ................577 Figure 190. — Monitor pipes ..............585 Figure 191. — Unfinished effigy pipe .................586 Figures 192 to 195.— Effigy pipes ; human heads................. 591-592 Figure 196. — Effigy pipe ; figure with human head ...............592 Pigure 197. — Effigy pipe ; bird with human head.................... 592 Figure 198.— Effigy pipe ; human figure with coiled snake .................593 Figures 199 and 200.— Human faces carved in stone............. 593-594 Pigure 201.— Effigy pipe; elk......................... 594 Figure 202.— Effigy pipe; wildcat .............594 Figure 203.— Effigy pipe; otter.................. 594 Figure 204.— Effigy pipe ; heron ..............595 Figure 205.— Effigy pipe; eagle or hawk............... 595' Figure 206,— Effigy pipe; buzzard............ 595 Figure 207.— Effigy pipe; paroquet........... 595 Figures 208 and 209.— Effigy pipes ; unfinished ...................597 Figure 210.— Effigy pipe; toucan ...............598 Figure 211.- Effigy pipe ; unnamed ............598 Figure 212.— Effigies ; eagles ..............598 Figure 213.— Effigy pipe ; toad .............99 Figure 214.— E£figy pipe ; possibly groundhog .............599 Figure 215. — Effigy pipe ; possibly hawk or eagle ..............599 Figure 216. — Effigy pipe ; unnamed ............600 Figure 217. — Effigy pipe ; coiled rattlesnake .............600 Figure 218. — Effigy pipe ; said to be an owl............ 600 Figures 219 to 221. — So-called "toucan pipes," and the toucan............. 607 Figures 222 and 223. — Effigy pipes, wrongly identified ..............609 Figures 224 to 227. — The manitus and the so-called manitus pipes............ 612 Figure 228. — Effigy pipe ; carnivore with human head 613 Figure 229. — Effigy pipe ; frog 613 Figure 230. — Effigy pipe ; owl 614 Figure 231. — Rude effigy pipes of stone and clay............ 615 Figures 232 and 233.— Various forms of pipes................ 615-616 Figure 234.— Map of Flint Ridge.................620 Figure 235. — Mound containing large disks, at Hopewell's.............. 628 Figure 236. — Disks, from Hopewell mound............. 630 Figure 237. — Diagram of terms applied to flint implements................. 633 Figure 238. — Flake of obsidian and arrow head made from it ................642 Figure 239. — Progressive stages in arrow head making ..............644 Figures 240 to 242.— Flints with polished bases ......................647-649 Figure 243. — Flint knives or spear heads.......................650 Figures 244 and 245.— Flint knives................. 651-652 Figure 246. — Roughly finished knives or spear heads ................653 Figure 247. — Flint scrapers.................. 654 Figure 248. — Rare forms of knives and scrapers............. 654 Figure 249. — Unusual forms, probably for cutting or scraping .............655 Figure 250. — Illustrating the manner of drilling curved objects........... 659 Figure 251. — Modem Sioux pipe made of catlinite ..................661 Figures 252 and 253. — Experiments in drilling.............. 662 Figure 254.— Flint drill.............. 662 Figures 255 to 260. — Primitive methods of drilling and fire-making. 663-664 Figures 261 and 262. — Experiments in drilling.......... 664 Figure 263. — Flint perforators ..............665 Figure 264. — Bunts and .scrapers.................. 667 Figure 265.— Flint cores ................669 Figure 266.— Flint flakes.............. 671 Figures 267 and 268. — Methods of hafting knives and arrow heads............... 675 Figure 269. — Bone scrapers or skin dressers ................680 Figure 270. — Bone arrow heads Figures 271 and 272. — Piercing, weaving and sewing tools of bone................. .681-682 Figure 273. — Manufacture of bone fish hooks............. 683 Figure 274. — Animal jaws cut into ornaments ...........684 Figure 275. — Hoe made of a mussel shell .............685 Figure 276. — Hoe or scraper made of a mussel shell............... 686 Figure 277. — Spoon made of a mussel shell................ 686 Figure 278.— Shell gorget ..............687 Figure 279. — Rattlesnake, carved in stone.............. 688 Figure 280.— Belts of wampum ..............690 Figures 281 to 285.— Specimens of ancient pottery............... 692-695 Figure 286.— Qay pipes.............. 695 Figures 287 and 288. — Specimens of weaving, from impressions on pottery.................... 698-699 Figures 289 and 290.— Specimens of cloth from mounds ............700-701 Figure 291. — Parts of mica crescent.............. 702 Figure 292. — Cutting and piercing tools of copper .............714 Figure 293. — Copper hatchets or celts................ 714 Figure 294. — Copper plate, with cloth adhering.................... 715 Figures 295 and 296. — Copper ornaments, battered out of form. . ...........716-717 Figure 297. — Copper ear-ornaments..................... 718 Figure 298. — Antlers of wood, covered with copper, from Hopewell's................... 719 Figures 299 and 300. — Copper symbolic figures, from Hopewell's ..............720 Figure 301. — Copper eagle, from Peoria..................... 722 Figures 302 and 303.— Copper plates of Mexican design, from Georgia............. 723 Images sell! 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